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This video was recorded on April 16th, 2021, and was first published on this channel on July 14th, 2021.

Items discussed include the following:
– Given the land and oceans continue to warm, EWEs will increase in frequency, severity, and duration.
– The toll EWEs are placing on our infrastructure and food supply.
– Both Hurricane Harvey and Katrina are discussed.
– The inevitable need for people to migrate inland from coastal cities as a result of Sea Level Rise (SLR) and EWEs.
– The reasons for the increase in EWEs is discussed.
– The EWEs we are seeing today can no longer be considered ‘natural.’
– The fact that according to the UN, EWEs have doubled in frequency over the last 20 years
– The fact that we can no longer count on the relatively stable climate of greater than 50 years ago, ‘The Holocene’, and that we have moved to a new age, ‘The Anthropocene’, where the climate will be much less stable
– The need for more aggressive activist movements to spur government action such as Extinction Rebellion.
– The impact of EWEs on crop yields

Articles, Papers, Links from Blue Slides:
– Global Trends 2040 from the National Intelligence Council
https://www.dni.gov/index.php/global-trends-home
– ‘Staggering’ rise in climate emergencies in last 20 years, new disaster research shows
https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075142
– Tropical nations aren’t ready for fish stocks to vanish
https://www.futurity.org/fish-stocks-climate-change-2288952/
– Floodlines, The story of an unnatural disaster
https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/floodlines/
– Extreme weather hits western farmers harder, UBC study finds
https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/extreme-weather-hits-western-farmers-harder-ubc-study-finds
– Global energy investments set to recover in 2021 but remain far from a net zero pathway
https://www.iea.org/news/global-energy-investments-set-to-recover-in-2021-but-remain-far-from-a-net-zero-pathway
– Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/iom-global-migration-report-international-migrants-2020/

Panelists:
Dr. Peter Carter
– MD, Expert IPCC Reviewer and the director of the Climate Emergency Institute

Paul Beckwith
– Climate Systems Scientist. Professor at the University of Ottawa in the Paleoclimatology Laboratory as well as Carleton University

Regina Valdez
– Program Director, Climate Reality Project, NYC, GreenFaith Fellow and LEED Green Associate

Video Production:
Charles Gregoire
– Electrical Engineer, Webmaster and IT prime for FacingFuture.Earth & the Climate Emergency Forum; Climate Reality Leader

Heidi Brault
– Video production and website assistant,
– Organizer and convener, Metadata technician, COP26 team lead for FacingFuture.Earth and the Climate Emergency Forum; Climate Reality Leader

Our Website: https://climateemergencyforum.org/

Attributions
Background Music:
– Title: Through the City II
– Author: Crowander
– Source: Free Music Archive
– License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Image and Video:
https://climateemergencyforum.org/assets/attributions/2021-07-14-extreme-weather-events.html

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https://sciengsustainability.blogspot.com/2017/09/tropical-storms-hurricanes-typhoon.html
Moist over the warm tropical ocean rises causes a low pressure area. Surrounding air pushes into this lower pressure area; thus, this air warms and rises. As this warm air rises, it cools forming clouds and rain. Because of the Coriolis force this whole system of air, cloud, rain and wind begin spinning and growing.

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5. 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Just one day after Christmas, on December 26, 2004, a gigantic earthquake took place off of northern Sumatra’s west coast. It registered a 9.1 to 9.3 on the Moment magnitude scale and was classified as an undersea megathrust earthquake. That quake sent tsunamis in various directions and wreaked havoc in 11 different countries and caused fatalities in 14. The massive, up to 100-foot high tsunami waves were collectively called the Boxing Day tsunamis. For reference, ten-story buildings are around 100-feet tall. These waves did the most damage in Indonesia, Thailand, India, and Sri Lanka, and reports put the loss of life at right around 227,898. Roughly 9,000 tourists were a part of that number, and most of those were European; the quake and resulting tsunamis just so happened to occur at the peak of the holiday travel season. The earthquake resulted from faulting which lasted eight to ten minutes (the longest duration of faulting ever seen), and it was the third largest on record.

4. Great Blizzard of 1888
One of the craziest and most severe blizzards to happen in the United States started not long after midnight on March 12, 1888. It continued to dump snow on the northeastern part of the country for a day-and-a-half. Between 30 and 50 inches of snow was dumped in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont, and some of the surrounding areas. Saratoga Springs, New York is said to have received 58 inches! Sustained winds of over 45 miles-per-hour didn’t help much and created snow drifts that averaged between 30 and 40 feet in height, although the highest came in at 52 feet in Gravesend, New York. Many people were stuck indoors for up to a week, fire stations were unable to operate, railroads were shut down, ships were wrecked and grounded, and all other means of transportation were wholly immobilized. More than 400 people lost their lives due to the blizzard and the ensuing cold that followed, with New York City seeing the most casualties at right around 200.

3. Hurricane Katrina
A lot of us will remember this extremely deadly, extremely destructive category 5 hurricane that happened in August of 2005. It caused damage and death in many states—mainly Mississippi and Louisiana, but also Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and more. It was the costliest and most damaging Atlantic hurricane ever and was the sixth most powerful ever recorded. It started up in the Bahamas and peaked on August 28, with winds hitting 175 mph at times. She even spawned many tornadoes across a bunch of different states as the winds really stirred things up. Georgia experienced 18 tornadoes on the 29th of August, which was a record for most tornadoes in one day in the state. Many evacuation orders and recommendations were put out, although many either decided to try to ride out the storm or couldn’t get out in time. Oh, and you may remember talk of levees breaking during the storm; 53 different levee breaches were reported in New Orleans, causing severe flooding throughout the city. In total, around 2,000 people lost their lives during the hurricane, and roughly $80 billion in damage was done.

2. 1900 Galveston Hurricane
On September 8, 1900, roughly 8,000 people fell victim to what is the worst natural disaster ever in the U.S. Galveston, Texas was, at the time, the biggest city in all of Texas. Of all Atlantic hurricanes, it was the fourth most deadly, and it was one of the deadliest to affect Canada as well. The island of Galveston was basically entirely covered in 8 to 12 feet of water, which caused every single house on it to get damaged. Not to mention 3,636 were wholly destroyed, and on top of the loss of life, about 10,000 were left homeless. At the time, the city was still thriving in what’s called the Golden Era of Galveston; however, the hurricane put an abrupt end to that. The hurricane was even the first of the season, and it peaked on September 8 (a day before it made landfall at Jamaica Beach, Texas, near Galveston) as a Category 4, with sustained winds reaching a maximum of 145 mph. In the U.S. alone, more than $34 million in damages were cause, with approximately $30 million of it occurring in Galveston.

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Fluctuations in weather happen all the time. But sometimes, those fluctuations can get extreme, making disasters like hurricanes and heatwaves more intense. What role does climate change play in extreme weather?

ABOVE THE NOISE is a show that cuts through the hype and investigates the research behind controversial and trending topics in the news. Hosted by Myles Bess and Shirin Ghaffary.

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Extreme weather is on the rise. A recent study found that worldwide, there were almost two and half times more extreme weather events in the first decade of this century than in the 1980s. To tease out the relationship between climate change and extreme weather, scientists use something called attribution science. This technique breaks down how much climate change influenced the event versus normal variations in weather. To do this successfully, researchers use climate models. They’re basically computer programs that simulate how the Earth’s climate will change over time. Essentially, 2 models are created. Model 1 — the world without humans burning fossil fuels. And model 2, a world like ours now, where we do burn fossil fuels.

In general, climate change models can’t tell us if climate change is the cause of any particular extreme weather event, but they do indicate that climate change is making those events more severe. Climate change is causing higher sea levels and warmer waters, and that’s leading to stronger hurricanes and heavier rainfall. Going forward, the overwhelming scientific consensus is that if climate change continues at its current rate, extreme weather will only get more extreme.

What is extreme weather?
Extreme weather is when a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern.

What is climate change?
A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

What is climate attribution science?
The effort to scientifically demonstrate which mechanisms are responsible for observed changes in the Earth’s climate.

SOURCES:
Natural Disasters, Armed Conflict, and Public Health
http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1109877

Liability for Climate Change
http://www.climateprediction.net/wp-content/publications/nature_allen_270203.pdf

Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002/pdf

How We Use Climate Models
https://www.climate.gov/maps-data/primer/climate-models

National Climate Change Assessment Report
http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/

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